FEMALE INTERNAL GINITAL ORGANS( THE VAGINA, THE UTERUS, THE OVARIES, THE FALLOPIAN TUBES)

all the external genital organs which visible outside of the body  in the perineum called vulva or pudendum.

the external genital organs are the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora,hymen, clitoris,vestibule, urethra,skene\’sglands,Bartholin\’s gland and vestibular bulbs.

INTERNAL GENITAL ORGANS

THE INTERNAL GENITAL ORGANS IN  FEMALE CONSIST OF FALLOWING ORGANS.

1-Vagina

2-uterus

3-fallopian tube

4-ovaries

VAGINA

• Vagina is   covering with fibromasculomembranous sheath   ( containing both fibrous and muscular tissue)
• it is canal-like shape and connect internally with the uterine cavity and externally at the vulva.  
• vagina is a eliminatory canal for uterine secretions and menstrual blood..
• the canal is organized in upward and backward direction forming an angle of 45 with the horizontal in standing posture.
• the diameter of vaginal canal is about 2.5 cm.
• the vaginal canal is widest in the upper part and narrowest at its introitus.
• the vagina is a fibromuscular canal about 10 cm long.
• it continues from the cervix of the uterus to the outside at the valva
• it is situated in-between the rectum and urinary blader.
• during sexual intercourse.it receives the penis and sperm ejected inside the vagina.
• during childbirth the vaginal canal is a route through which women deliver the child.
• the vagina has contained no glands..
• the glands in  cervix of the uterus produced the mucus and vagina get moistened..
• Doderlein\’s bacilli is a bacteria present in vaginal fluid and produces lactic acid, so that the vaginal fluid very acidic. and the( pH is 4.5)
• Due to doderlein\’s bacilli and lactic acid in the vaginal fluid, it prevents the growth of pathogenic bacteria.

Structure of vagina

The anterior wall of the vagina is 7.5 cm and posterior wall of vagina 10 cm.

many small fold present in vaginal wall which allows stretching (increase adequate space in vagina)  during intercourse and childbirth.and that is called rugae.

the top part of the vagina where the cervix projects into it called a vault

.the circular recess forms in the vault which is called four fornices.

the anterior fornix is lying anterior part of the vagina.

lateral fornix lie either side of vagina

the posterior fornix present posterior part of vagina.

the vagina lining is made up of by  squamous epithilium tissue.and below squamous epithilial lair there is a layer of vascular connective tissue.

blader and urethra lies infront of vagina.

pouch of Douglas, the rectum, and the perineal body present posteriorly of vagina.

superior part of vagina lies uterous

inferior part of vagina connect with external genitalia.

STRUCTURE OF UTERUS

The uterus is placed in the cavity of true pelvis.

The uterus is a muscular organ.

The uterus is hollow pyriform guava shape muscular organ.

The uterus is 7.5 cm cm long ,2.5 cm thick and 5 cm wide at fundus .

The weight of uterus is 50 gm ( non pregnant uterus weight)

The lower third of uterus is called cervix.it measures 2.5 cm.

Each wall of uterus is 1.25 cm

THE UTERUS IS MADE UP THE FOLLOWING PARTS

1-The body or corpus

2-The cervix

3-the isthmus

THE BODY OR CURPUS

The body of uterus starting from fundus above to isthmus below. it is upper two-thirds of uterus.and it is 5cm.

THE FUNDUS OF THE UTERUS

The fundus is present above insertion of fellopian tubes and it is dome shape.

THE CORNUA OF THE UTERUS

The fallopian tubes join with the body of uterus and form outer angle is called cornua of the uterus.

CAVITY OF UTERUS

This is present inside of uterus.hallow cavity , triangular shape.

ISTHMUS OF UTERUS

Isthmus is constricted part situated between above body of uterus and below the cervix.it is measuring about 0.5 cm.

THE CERVIX

The cervix is cylindrical shape.its starts from isthmus and ends at the external os. It is measure about 2.5cm

THE INTERNAL OS

The cervix is lower part of uterus which is narrow.internal os situated below the isthmus.and it is internal opening of cervix into cavity of uterus.

THE EXTERNAL OS

The cervical opening into the vagina is called external os.

Between the uterus and bladder there is a pouch formed by peritoneum is called uterovesicle pouch.

The rectouterine pouch of Douglas and the rectum present the posterior part of uterus.

Fallopian tubes,ovaries,and broad ligaments are present lateral side of uterus.

Intestine present upper part of the uterus.

Vagina is present lower part of uterus.

LAYERS OF UTERUS

The uterus has three layers

1-ENDOMETRIUM-This is inner layer of uterus and lined with ciliated epithelium.

2-MYOMETRIUM-This is middle layer of uterus consist of smooth muscle fibers.

3-PERIMETRIUM-This is outer layer of uterus .and it is serosa layer.

POSITION OF UTERUS

Anteverted position of uterus – in this position the uterus bent forward towards the abdomen at cervix and uterus rest over the blader. It is normal position, this position not affect in sexual intercourse and in pregnancy.

2-Retroverted uterus- in this position the uterus bent back ward towards rectum instead of abdomen. It is also normal position. But some cases women experience painful sexual intercourse and other abnormalities.

3-MId position- in this position body of uterus in straight and vertical position .

LIGAMENTS OF UTERUS

Ligaments are plays a role to hold the uterus in normal position of uterus.

1-TRANSVERSE CERVICAL LIGAMENTS

Transverse cervical ligaments also known as cardinal ligaments or mackenrodt\’s ligaments.pair of cardinal ligaments situated in uterus.

2-UTEROSACRAL LIGAMENTS.

The uterosacral ligaments attach in the middle of sacrum and uterus.

3-PUBOCERVICAL LIGAMENTS

The pubocervical ligaments attach the side of the cervix to the pubic symphysis.

4-BROAD LIGAMENT

The broad ligaments is broad fold of peritoneum that attach the side of the uterus to wall of pelvis and floor of pelvis.

5-ROUND LIGAMENTS

The round ligaments arise from below the insertion of each fallopian tube and pass between the fold of broad ligament through the inguinal canal and inserted into each labium majus.

6-OVARIAN LIGAMENTS

The ovarian ligament is attach the ovary to the lateral sides of the uterus.

FUNCTION OF UTERUS

1-Women having menstrual bleeding till menopause.

2-Sperm transmission occur through uterine cavity to fallopian tube.

3-Uterus act like shelter for growing embroyo.

4-Fetus get oxygen and nutrient through the placenta ( the placenta attach in wall of uterus and supply oxygen and nutrient to fetus)

5-uterus expel the fetus at the time of birth.

6-Cervical mucus avoid infection during pregnancy.

7- Cervical mucus help in sperm transportation.

8-The fetus delivered through the cervical canal.and cervical canal dilated at the time of delivery to deliver the fetus.

THE OVARIES (STRUCTURE)

The ovaries are female gonads or sex glands.there are two ovary situated in either side of uterus. The ovarian ligament attach with the ovary .each ovary is oval shape and pinkish grey colour.it is measures about 3 cm length,2 cm wide and 1cm in thickness..the outer most layer of ovary is called germinal epithelial.underneath this layer another fibrous connective tissue layer which is called tunica albuginea.

Broad ligaments are present infront of the ovary.

The Uterine tubes present above the ovary.

The Ovarian ligament lies between the uterus and ovaries.

The Infundibulopelvic ligaments situated on the lateral sides of the uterus.

The ovaries are supported by following. ligaments.

The ligaments are

1-The Broad ligaments-it is attach with posterior layer of broad ligament by the mesovarium.

2-Ovarian ligament-The ovary attach to the uterus by ovarian ligament.

3-Infundibulopelvic ligament- the ovary attach by the infundibulopelvic ligament to the lateral wall of the pelvic.

FUNCTION OF OVARIES

1-The ovary produce ova.

2-The ovaries produce oestrogen and progesterone hormones.

STRUCTURE OF OVARIES

The ovary is consist of cortex and medulla.

Cortex- it is outer zone of ovary.it contains ovarian follicles and different stages of development of ovarian follicles occure here.

Medulla- it is inner core of ovary.it is made of fibrous tissue .it contains ovarian blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves.

DIFFERENT STAGES OF FOLLICLES DEVELOPMENT

PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLES-this is primary ocyte.at the time birth of female baby the ovary contains 2 million primordial follicles.it is surrounded by a single layer of flattend epithelial cell.they are small.and 0.03 to 0.05 mm in diameter. the primordial follicles devlopes into primary follicles.

PRIMARY FOLLICLES

Primary follicles are larger than primordial follicles.and diameter is 0.1 mm .it is surrounded by single or several layers of cuboidal granulosa cells. the primary follicles develops into secondary follicles.

SECONDARY FOLLICLES-it is look very similar like primary follicles but it is larger than the primary follicles and there are accumulation of fluid in intracellular space.

TERTIARY FOLLICLES- it is also called mature graafian follicles

When ovulation occur the ovum released from graafian follicle.and The egg is release into fallopian tube by fimbriae.

And if it fertilized by sperm corpus luteum produce progesterone hormone which is responsible for maintaining pregnancy.(if women having low progesterone levels then there is chanse of miscarriage and spotting)

CORPUS LUTEUM

After ovum release from graafian follicle .the remaining part of graafian follicle converted to corpus luteum.and if fertilization occurred then release progesterone for maintaining pregnancy.and it is yellow body.

CORPUS ALBICANS

IT is white body.and if fertilization not occur corpus luteum degenerate and there is formation of scar with connective tissue that is called carpus albicans.

FALLOPIAN TUBES

There are two fallopian tubes in the uterus each fallopian tube connect to lateral sides of the uterus.fallopian tube also called uterine tubes or the oviducts.

Each fallopian tube 10 cm long.

EACH FALLOPIAN TUBES DIVIDED IN FOUR PARTS.

1-Interstitial parts.

2-isthmus

3-Ampulla

4-Infundibulum

THE INTERSTITIAL OR INTRAMURAL

It is narrowest part of the fallopian tube and in 1.25 cm in length and situated top of the uterus where fallopian tube extend from the lateral sides of the uterus.

THE ISTHMUS

This is short and narrow and it\’s wall is thick and about 2.5 cm long situated between ampulla and interstitial part.is called isthmus.

THE AMPULLA

This is situated between the isthmus and infundibulum it is widest and longest part of uterine tube.fertilization of ocyte by sperm occurs here. Is called AMPULLA

THE INFUNDIBULUM

This is funnel shaped situated distal end of the fallopian tube and it is 1.25 cm long.the opening of the infundibulum into peritoneal cavity is called abdominal ostium.and at the time of ovulation the fimbriae trap the ocyte and sweep it through the abdominal ostium into the ampulla where the ocyte will meet the sperm and fertilization of ovum and sperm take place.

THE FIMBRIAE

It is finger like projection spread over the ovary and it capture the ovum at the time of ovulation and sweep it to the ampula through the abdominal ostium.there are 20 to 30 fimbriae present in fallopian tube .

FUNCTION OF FALLOPIAN TUBE

1-Fertilization takes place at ampula part of fallopian tube.

2-Pyruvate contain in secretion of fallopian tube which nourish the ovum.

3-Transportation of ovum from ovary to uterine cavity through the effect of peristalsis movement and mucosal ciliary function.